Journal of Clinical & Experimental Nephrology

Description

Bladder stones are hard mineral masses that form in the bladder due to the accumulation and crystallization of minerals. These stones can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters in size and are more common in adults, especially in men over the age of 50. Though bladder stones are less common than kidney stones, they can cause significant discomfort and health complications if left untreated. This article search the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for bladder stones. Bladder stones usually develop when urine sits in the bladder for extended periods, allowing minerals to crystallize and form solid masses. Several underlying factors can contribute to their formation: The most common cause of bladder stones is a blockage at the base of the bladder, preventing urine from flowing out efficiently. The obstruction can be due to various conditions, such as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), urethral strictures, or bladder diverticula. Individuals with neurogenic bladder dysfunction, such as those with spinal cord injuries or neurological diseases like multiple sclerosis, may not empty their bladder completely. This urinary retention can increase the risk of stone formation. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) can contribute to bladder stone formation, particularly when bacteria produce substances that promote mineral crystallization. Certain bacteria can change the pH of the urine, making it easier for stones to form. Foreign objects in the bladder, such as urinary catheters or surgical implants, can act as a nucleus for stone formation. When minerals in the urine crystallize around these objects, bladder stones may develop.

Symptoms of bladder stones

Bladder stones can be asymptomatic, especially when they are small. However, as they grow larger or block urine flow, they may cause various symptoms, including: Bladder stones can cause pain in the lower abdomen, particularly during urination. The pain may also radiate to the penis or perineal area in men. Individuals with bladder stones may feel the need to urinate more often than usual, even though they may only pass small amounts of urine. A common symptom of bladder stones is difficulty starting or maintaining a steady stream of urine. In some cases, the flow may stop abruptly, as the stone moves and temporarily blocks the urethra. Blood in the urine, or hematuria, is another potential sign of bladder stones. The blood may be visible or detected through microscopic analysis during a routine urine test. Bladder stones can cause urine to appear cloudy or darker than usual, particularly when there is an associated infection. Recurrent UTIs may occur in individuals with bladder stones, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills and foulsmelling urine. To diagnose bladder stones, a healthcare provider will conduct a thorough medical history, physical examination and diagnostic tests. The following are commonly used methods for detecting bladder stones: A urine sample is tested to check for blood, bacteria, or crystals, which may indicate the presence of stones or infection. A non-invasive ultrasound scan can visualize the bladder and detect stones. It is one of the first-line imaging tests used to diagnose bladder stones. A plain X-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder can reveal the presence of radiopaque stones. However, some stones, such as those composed of uric acid, may not appear on an X-ray.

Treatment of bladder stones

The treatment of bladder stones depends on the size and composition of the stones, as well as the presence of any underlying conditions. Common treatment options include: Small bladder stones may pass on their own with increased fluid intake. Drinking plenty of water can help flush out the stones. Pain relief medications and antibiotics (if infection is present) may also be prescribed. For larger stones that cannot pass on their own, a cystolitholapaxy may be performed. This procedure involves using a cystoscope to locate the stone, which is then crushed into smaller pieces using a laser or mechanical device. The smaller fragments are flushed out of the bladder. In rare cases, open surgery may be required to remove particularly large stones. This is usually only necessary if other methods have failed or if the stones are associated with significant anatomical abnormalities. Addressing the root cause of bladder stones, such as treating BPH or correcting urethral strictures, is essential to prevent recurrence.